- Airway Ultrasound
- Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound
- Biliary Ultrasound
- Cardiac Ultrasound
- Lung Ultrasound
- Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound
- Ocular Ultrasound
- Soft Tissue Ultrasound
- Testicular/Scrotal Ultrasound
- Trauma Ultrasound (E-Fast)

Airway Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Confirmation of ET tube placement
- Identifying landmarks prior to cricothyroidotomy
- Common Findings
- Confirming ET tube placement
- One air-mucosal interface w/ comet-tail artifact and posterior shadowing indicates successful tracheal intubation.
- Two air-mucosal interfaces (“Double tract sign”) indicates esophageal intubation
- Cricothyrotomy landmarks
- Longitudinal = dark, anechoic “string of pearls” represent tracheal rings
- Transverse = “TACA method” (Thyroid, Air, Cricoid, Air). Thyroid will appear as a V-Shape. Air wil appear as hyperechoic white A-line. Cricoid appears as hypoechoic round arch-shaped structure.
- Confirming ET tube placement
Pearls

Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Suspected AAA (abdominal pain, hypotension, pulsatile mass)
- Interpretation
- Begin in the epigastric area. The abdominal aorta should taper as you track further distally. Be suspicious if the aorta begins to dilate.
- AAA is diagnosed when the diameter > 3 cm
Pearls
Deep Dive

Biliary Ultrasound
Rapid Review
Pearls
Deep Dive

Cardiac Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Chest pain/Palpitations
- Significant EKG changes
- Shortness of breath
- Hypotension
- New heart murmurs
- Cardiac arrest
- Dizziness
- Common Findings/Interpretation
- Regional wall motion abnormality
- Suggests ischemic heart disease
- Poor squeeze
- Decompensated HF
- Hyperdynamic Squeeze
- Sepsis, Pneumonia
- McConnell’s Sign
- Acute PE
- D Sign
- Acute PE
- RA Collapse/RV Collapse
- Cardiac tamponade
- Pericardial effusion
- Best found with parasternal long-axis and subcostal four-chamber view
- Regional wall motion abnormality
Pearls

Lung Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Shortness of breath
- Hypoxia
- Pleuritic chest pain
- Chest trauma
- Common findings/interpretation
- A-lines
- Normal lung
- B-Lines
- Sensitive for pulmonary edema
- Absence of lung sliding; finding of “lung point”
- Suggests pneumothorax
- Shred sign
- Sign of lung consolidation (pneumonia)
- A-lines
Pearls

Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Assessment of intravascular volume status during hypotensive states (sepsis, hemorrhage, heart failure, dehydration)
- Interpretation
- IVC < 1 cm
- In the setting of trauma, associated with high likelihood of hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion
- IVC < 1.5 cm
- Suggests volume depletion
- IVC 1.5 – 2.5 cm
- Normal finding
- IVC > 2.5 cm
- Suggests volume overload
- IVC < 1 cm
Pearls
Deep Dive

Ocular Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Vision loss
- Symptoms of increased ICP
- Trauma
- Common Findings/Interpretation
- Disruption of globe architecture or anterior chamber collapse
- Globe rupture
- Hypoechoic fluid posterior to globe
- Retrobulbar hematoma
- “Twinkle” or hyperechoic object
- Foreign body
- Posteriorly displaced lens
- Lens detachment
- Separation of hyperechoic linear structure from posterior choroid
- Retinal detachment
- Disruption of globe architecture or anterior chamber collapse
Pearls
Deep Dive

Soft Tissue Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Suspected foreign bodies
- Suspected soft tissue infection
- Common Findings/Interpretation
- Cobblestoning
- Suggests cellulitis
- Hyperechoic ring, hypoechoic circular area, squish sign
- Suggests abscess
- Acoustic shadowing (ring down appearance)
- Wood/splinter foreign body
- Reverberation
- Metal foreign body
- Cobblestoning
Pearls

Testicular/Scrotal Ultrasound
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Evaluation of testicular/scrotal pain
- Interpretation
- Testicular torsion
- “Whirlpool sign”
- Secondary findings (hydrocele, scrotal wall thickening)
- Decreased/absent flow in the affected testical, utilizing color doppler
- Testicular appendage torsion
- Enlarged, rounded extra-testicular masses, with mixed hyperechoic/heterogeneous texture
- Absent flow on color doppler
- Epididymitis
- Heterogeneous echogenicity
- Enlargement
- Secondary findings (hydrocele, scrotal wall thickening)
- Increased flow in the affected testical,
- Testicular Rupture
- Disruption of tunica albuginea
- Focal/diffuse loss of vascularity (color doppler)
- Testicular tumors
- Well-defined, hypoechoic/heterogeneous intratesticular lesion
- Fournier Gangrene
- Diffuse subcutaneous tissue thickening.
- Bright echogenic foci w/ dirty shadowing and reverberation artifacts (soft tissue gas)
- Testicular torsion
Pearls

Trauma Ultrasound (E-FAST)
Rapid Review
- Indications
- Blunt or penetrating trauma
- Common Findings/Interpretation
- Absent lung sliding
- Suggests pneumothorax
- Anechoic area in pericardial space
- Suggests pericardial tamponade
- Anechoic area between liver and kidney
- Suggests hemorrhage in morrison’s pouch
- Anechoic area between diaphragm and spleen
- Suggests hemorrhage
- Anechoic area between spleen and kidney
- Suggests hemorrhage
- Anechoic area between superior and posterior to walls of bladder
- Suggests hemorrhage
- Absent lung sliding
Pearls
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